Previous article Next article Full AccessAPTA Combined Sections MeetingCSM 2014 Orthopaedic Section Poster Presentations (OPO1106–OPO1165, OPO2218–OPO2298, OPO3106–OPO3183)AuthorsJournal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical TherapyPublished Online:December 31, 2013Volume44Issue1PagesA75-A158https://www.jospt.org/doi/10.2519/jospt.2014.44.1.A75SectionsPDFPDF PLUSAbstract ToolsAdd to FavoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail AboutAbstractThese abstracts are presented here as prepared by the authors. The accuracy and content of each abstract remain the responsibility of the authors. In the identification number above each abstract, OPO designates an Orthopaedic Section poster presentation. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2014;44(1):A75–A158. doi:10.2519/jospt.2014.44.1.A75OPO1106Arm Wrestling with Isokinetic Gender Differences: Future Implications for Rehabilitation, Recovery, and SuccessHickey CJPhysical Therapy, California State University Fresno, Fresno, CAPURPOSE/HYPOTHESIS: Isokinetic testing as assessment for injury recovery, postsurgical interventions, and rehabilitative outcomes is common practice. Isokinetic literature is extensive for many joints, with the exception of forearm strength testing. Although isokinetic testing is used clinically, and as a research measure, limited reliability studies, gender comparisons, and normative values exist for the forearm. Purposes of the study were to (1) establish reliability for forearm supination and pronation in the neutral position, (2) examine normality for multiple isokinetic variables, and (3) examine the variables based on gender and dominant- to nondominant-side effect. It was hypothesized there would be a gender difference and a side difference.NUMBER OF SUBJECTS: Seventy subjects (mean age, 24.3 years; male and female) underwent health screening and ruling out of pre-existing shoulder, elbow, or wrist conditions.MATERIALS/METHODS: There was random assignment to both isokinetic testing protocols (strength or endurance) and randomization of dominant or nondominant side. All subjects had a 3-minute rest following the first protocol. Testing occurred in neutral sitting (90° of elbow flexion, 20° of shoulder external rotation with towel roll between the elbow and torso and strapped to the chair). Prior to testing reliability was established on 30 separate subjects (using the same neutral position protocol). During all testing, a standardized protocol and script were used. Subjects were given a 3-repetition warm-up at the start of each protocol and a 3-minute rest in between protocols. ICC, normative analysis, and independent t tests were performed.RESULTS: For all 24 variables (combining each of the following levels: side [right/left] by motion [supination/pronation] by measure [peak torque/total work/average power] by protocol [endurance/strength]), reliability was strong. Lowest of the 24 variables was r = 0.86 and the highest was r = 0.97. Histogram, box-plot, and Q-Q plots for male and female measures of total work reached normality, and this was confirmed by Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. All other variables did not yet show normal distribution for this sample. Twenty-three of 24 variables showed significant difference based on gender (P<.05). The gender difference produced a uniform ratio that consistently approximated a 2:1 ratio of male to female comparison for all 24 variables. However, neither males nor females showed differences for the dominant/nondominant side. Both males and females held a closely approximated 1:1 ratio with side comparisons.CONCLUSION: The fact that gender differences held consistent for strength and endurance is notable. The consistent 2:1 ratio is clinically critical. Puzzling is the lack of difference between side comparisons for both genders.CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Norm measures are necessary to interpret treatment efficacy and predict patient functional recovery. Understanding gender differences is critical. Establishing why dominance may not be a factor in supinator/pronator muscle-behavior is also critical for daily demands.OPO1107Task-Specific Training with Computer Gaming in People with Arthritis Affecting the Hands: Preliminary Findings of a Pilot Randomized Controlled TrialSrikesavan CS, Shay BL, Szturm T, Robinson DBApplied Health Sciences PhD Program, Faculty of Graduate Studies, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; School of Medical Rehabilitation, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Arthritis Centre, Health Sciences Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, CanadaPURPOSE/HYPOTHESIS: Significant restriction in the ability to participate in home, work, and community life results from pain, fatigue, joint damage, stiffness, and reduced joint range of motion and muscle strength in people with rheumatoid arthritis or osteoarthritis of the hand. With modest evidence on the therapeutic effectiveness of conventional hand exercises, a task-oriented training program via real-life object manipulations has been developed for people with arthritis. An innovative, computer-based gaming platform that allows a broad range of common objects to be seamlessly transformed into therapeutic input devices through instrumentation with a motion-sense mouse has also been designed. Personalized objects are selected to target specific training goals such as graded finger mobility, strength, endurance, or fine/gross dexterous functions. The movements and object manipulation tasks that replicate common situations in everyday living will then be used to control and play any computer game, making practice challenging and engaging. A pilot RCT (ClinicalTrials.gov; NCT01635582) to test the effectiveness of the computer game-based task-specific training in 30 people with hand osteoarthritis or rheumatoid arthritis has begun. The purpose is to determine the therapeutic effectiveness and feasibility of the task-oriented training program. Performance-based and self-reported hand function and exercise compliance are the study outcomes. To date, 3 participants per group have completed and results are presented.NUMBER OF SUBJECTS: Six.MATERIALS/METHODS: The control group (CG) performed conventional hand exercises and the experimental group (EG) was provided with therapeutic objects to use in their game-based exercise program. Both groups performed their respective exercises 4 times per week for 6 weeks. The Arthritis Hand Function Test (AHFT), Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) questionnaire, computer-based performance measures during object manipulation tasks, and exercise compliance were evaluated.RESULTS: Grip strength increased by 5% in the EG, whereas the CG showed no change. The AHFT pegboard dexterity task improved in both groups: 5% in the EG and 12% in the CG. Similarly, AHFT applied dexterity improved in the EG (7%) and in the CG (5%). DASH scores improved by 13 (EG) and 16 (CG) points. Movement performance during an object-manipulation task improved by 31% in the EG, whereas the CG showed no change. Exercise compliance was 100% in both groups.CONCLUSION: On completion, the study findings will inform decisions on the feasibility, safety, and completion rate of the task-oriented training in people with arthritis affecting the hands.CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Findings may also help to support the potential applicability of the home-based task-specific training in other patient populations—for example, stroke, spinal cord injuries, and children with neurodevelopmental disorders affecting hand-arm function.OPO1108A New Clinical Test for the Diagnosis of Humeroradial Joint Lesion in the Presence of Lateral Elbow Pain: Single-Case Design with Arthroscopic ValidationJonely H, Brismee J, Lutton DThe George Washington University, Washington, DC; Physical Therapy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TXBACKGROUND/PURPOSE: Lateral epicondylosis is one of the most common causes of lateral elbow pain; however, in some cases, patients may show minimal to no improvement. The reason may be that many pathologies can present with similar symptoms. Presently, there is not a valid and reliable clinical test that can be utilized to differentiate between lateral elbow pain secondary to extensor tendinopathy and/or arthropathy.CASE DESCRIPTION: A 38-year-old left-hand-dominant male recreational athlete with 7-month history of left lateral elbow pain. Primary complaints included loss of elbow range of motion, crepitus, and evidence of painful locking. Physical examination showed limited and painful range of motion; positive humeral radial joint distraction test; positive humeral radial joint plica compression test; and pain with resisted wrist extension, radial deviation, and ulnar deviation. The therapist diagnosed the patient with a loose body and arthropathy of the humeral radial joint. The patient was referred for further evaluation including diagnostic imaging. Plain radiographs and a CT scan demonstrated the presence of a loose body; a CT scan showed thinning of the cartilage. Left elbow arthroscopy with removal of loose body was performed.OUTCOMES: Left elbow arthroscopy confirmed the presence of a loose body in the humeroradial joint as well as grade III chondral changes of the radial head. The patient completed 6 physical therapy sessions over a 4-week period. At discharge, DASH score and DASH sport module score were reduced to 8.33% and 25%, respectively. At 1-year follow-up, there was a change of 13.33 and 68.75 points. The client was pain free with no limitations in mobility on reassessment at 12 weeks and 1 year postop.DISCUSSION: No clinical tests have been validated in the literature to diagnose humeroradial joint lesions. The use of plain-radiograph, CT, and MR arthrography lacks reliability and accuracy in diagnosing the presence of loose bodies and fails to detect early signs of joint arthrosis. This report is the first to propose the use of a new clinical test, the humeral radial joint distraction test, for a humeroradial joint lesion, with validation using imaging and arthroscopy.OPO1109Managing Lateral Epicondylalgia Using Mobilization with Movement and Eccentric Exercise: A Case ReportBeebe JA, Bilyeu CA, Crabtree SPhysical Therapy, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD; Kaiser Permanente, Denver, CO; Augusta Health, Fishersville, VABACKGROUND/PURPOSE: Lateral epicondylalgia (LE) is a common condition encountered by physical therapists. It is often chronic in nature, recurrent, and considered difficult to treat. Traditional interventions (modalities, corticosteroid injections) have focused on the presumed inflammatory nature of “tennis elbow”; however, recent research suggests the pathology is multifaceted and distinctly noninflammatory, necessitating a change in treatment approach. This case report follows the successful progress of a female medical professional with chronic LE who received physical therapy utilizing mobilization-with-movement at the elbow and eccentric exercise for the wrist extensors.CASE DESCRIPTION: The subject was a 35-year-old woman diagnosed with chronic LE of 12 weeks' duration in her right, dominant elbow. She complained of pain just distal to the lateral epicondyle during grasping and reaching, which substantially limited her occupational and recreational activities. Orthopaedic exam findings included pain with palpation, decreased grip strength, and positive Mill, Cozen, and middle-finger tests. Outcome measures were evaluated at baseline, at 2.5 weeks, and at discharge. Pain was evaluated using a standard numeric pain scale, and function was evaluated using pain-free grip strength (PFGS) and the Patient-Rated Tennis Elbow Evaluation (PRTEE). Physical therapy intervention over a period of 6 weeks consisted of mobilization-with-movement at the elbow (a lateral glide at the humeroulnar joint) and a structured eccentric exercise program for the wrist extensors. Mobilization-with-movement was performed for 10 sustained repetitions while the patient performed 10 pain-free gripping actions. A self-mobilization was to be performed once daily at home. Eccentric exercise was accomplished using the Thera-Band FlexBar for a home program, with a goal of 3 sets of 15 repetitions twice daily.OUTCOMES: Average daily pain was 4/10 at initial evaluation and absent (0/10) after 2.5 weeks of intervention; this improvement was sustained at discharge. After 6 weeks of treatment, PFGS improved from 29.7 lb to 85.7 lb, representing an 88.6% increase in strength and surpassing the uninvolved arm (80.0 lb). The PRTEE score improved from 24/100 at baseline to 3.5/100 at discharge, demonstrating a marked functional improvement.DISCUSSION: The treatment program produced substantial improvements in pain and function. Mobilization-with-movement quickly and effectively decreased pain in the short term, allowing for increased focus on eccentric exercise. Eccentric exercise is purported to affect changes in the tendon at the cellular level, thereby addressing the multifaceted nature of LE. These changes in tendon structure result in a more normalized tendon structure, potentially decreasing risk of recurrence. Although future research with increased numbers of subjects and a control group should be conducted to confirm this study's results, these outcomes have implications for both short-term pain/function improvements as well as long-term prevention.OPO1110Differential Diagnosis of an Adolescent Female with a Traumatic Elbow InjuryMercik Davis S, Clapis PAmerican International College, Springfield, MABACKGROUND/PURPOSE: Traumatic elbow injuries are not uncommon in the athletic population and often occur in sports such as football and gymnastics. The majority of these injuries include fractures, dislocations, and ligament sprains. The purpose of this case report is to provide a differential diagnosis of an adolescent female with a traumatic onset of elbow pain.CASE DESCRIPTION: A 12-year-old female presented with right elbow pain after falling onto her right elbow while playing soccer. Symptoms consisted of right elbow pain and tenderness to palpation along the right olecranon process; no swelling or bruising was noted. The patient never complained of shoulder pain following injury. Examination findings also included full and pain-free elbow and shoulder range of motion. She did, however, present with a strong and painful resisted test of elbow flexion. All other resisted tests of the right shoulder and elbow were strong and painless. At time of injury, no radiographic imaging was performed and the patient was treated with rest and ice, and was instructed to return to sport when the pain subsided. Two weeks after injury, she returned to her MD, still complaining of right elbow pain. She began to demonstrate hesitancy to move and a protective response of her right upper extremity when playing soccer, with a new complaint of increased pain while performing a push-up.OUTCOMES: Plain radiographs were conducted and showed a moderate cortical depression in the posterolateral head of the humerus bone, which was consistent with a Hill-Sachs lesion. The patient was treated with a sling for 4 weeks. Six weeks after the injury, she discontinued use of the sling and began gradual ROM exercises. The patient was cleared to return to sport 8 weeks postinjury with no further complications.DISCUSSION: A Hill-Sachs lesion is a cortical depression in the posterolateral head of the humerus bone. The fracture results from a forceful impaction of the humeral head against the anteroinferior glenoid rim and is usually associated with anterior dislocation of the glenohumeral joint. Although Hill-Sachs lesions have been reported in 35% to 72% of anterior dislocations of the glenohumeral joint, occasionally a patient may not present with symptoms consistent with a dislocation. The presence of a Hill-Sachs lesion is an extremely specific sign of dislocation and can thus be used as an indicator that a dislocation has occurred, even if the joint has since regained its normal alignment. In this case, the patient presented with a traumatic injury, yet had no complaints of pain or decreased ROM of her right glenohumeral joint. Due to this type of fracture and the traumatic nature of injury, this patient potentially suffered an anterior dislocation, which spontaneously reduced at the time of injury. This case report demonstrates the importance of referral for radiographic evaluation following a traumatic injury to the upper extremity. Early radiographic evaluation is integral to the identification of a fracture and the timely administration of appropriate medical care.OPO1111Validity and Reliability of Clinical Tests for Trunk Muscle FunctionOgilbee A, Davenport TE, Mansoor JKUniversity of the Pacific, Stockton, CAPURPOSE/HYPOTHESIS: Low back pain (LBP) is one of the most common reasons to visit a health care provider. Limited performance of the trunk musculature has been implicated in individuals with LBP. Several endurance tests for the trunk musculature recently have been described in the literature, and are finding increasingly common use in the clinic. An emerging literature has begun to address measurement properties for these tests; however, a systematic literature review has yet to be completed. The purpose of this project was to assess the current literature that documents the validity and reliability of clinical measurements for trunk muscle performance in individuals with and without LBP.NUMBER OF SUBJECTS: Twenty articles were screened, and 10 primary research studies were analyzed that documented the reliability or validity of clinical tests for trunk muscle function.MATERIALS/METHODS: A systematic literature search was conducted to identify primary research articles related to intratester reliability, intertester reliability, and normative values for objective clinical tests of trunk muscle function. CINAHL, the Cochrane Library, and PubMed were searched for articles with the following key words: abdominal endurance test, abdominal manual muscle testing, abdominal plank exercise, and trunk isometric exercises. Screened articles also were hand searched for additional references. Articles were graded according to their strength of evidence using Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine criteria. Outcomes measures in observed studies were too heterogeneous for a planned meta-analysis, so a narrative literature synthesis was completed.RESULTS: Twenty articles were screened, and 10 primary research studies were analyzed. The side-bridge test (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC]2,1 = 0.81–0.97), Sorensen test (ICC2,1 = 0.78), and trunk flexor endurance test (ICC2,1 = 0.89–0.98) each had at least moderate-level evidence of interrater reliability. Diagnostic accuracy to predict the presence of LBP was established for the Sorensen test, supine double straight leg raise, and trunk flexor endurance testing in 1 study. Normative values for individuals with LBP and for nondisabled individuals were identified for the modified Sorensen test and the trunk flexor endurance test.CONCLUSION: Current approaches to trunk stability testing generally demonstrate adequate intrarater and interrater reliability. Emerging areas of study include establishment of normative values, although this information is not yet ready for widespread clinical application.CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Clinical tests of trunk muscles that measure isometric endurance are increasingly common in the clinic. Information from this systematic literature review and critical synthesis suggests clinicians can use these approaches with confidence regarding test reliability; however, application of normative data and information about the diagnostic accuracy of these tests with respect to the presence of LBP require additional research.OPO1112Physical Therapy in the Emergency Department: A Descriptive Analysis of TrendsGross AB, Flint KDepartment of Physical Therapy, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN; Emergency Department, Wishard Health Services, Indianapolis, INPURPOSE/HYPOTHESIS: Due to the increasing number of patients using the emergency department (ED) as their primary source of medical care or as a conveniently accessible medical source, EDs throughout the country are becoming overcrowded. One study reported that 40% of patients seen in an ED were triaged as “nonacute, low-severity musculoskeletal” conditions. Unfortunately, unless clinicians participate in an orthopaedic residency program, they may not gain the skills to consistently adequately diagnose and treat musculoskeletal injuries in accordance with evidence-based practice. Therefore, the ED physical therapist is seen as a specialist consultant in musculoskeletal patient cases. The purpose of this study is to examine trends as seen by a full-time physical therapist in an ED over a 3-year period. In doing this, our hope is to identify the role of a therapist in this setting, detect trends pertaining to this patient population, and validate future research needs in this area.NUMBER OF SUBJECTS: All referrals to physical therapy from 2010 to 2012 at Wishard ED.MATERIALS/METHODS: A physical therapist working in the ED at Wishard Hospital, a level 1 trauma center in downtown Indianapolis, collected data on patients he had seen from 2010 until 2012. Each day he worked during this period, he recorded the number of patients seen and the general diagnosis by body region for each referral. Patient volumes were examined and compared annually, quarterly, and by day of the week to assess trends. These volumes were also examined by diagnosis.RESULTS: From 2010 to 2012, the average referral volume was 1454.3 patients per year and 121.2 patients per month. Annual referral averages by day of the week were as follows: Monday, 332.0; Tuesday, 398.7; Wednesday, 360.0; and Friday, 323.3. Thursdays were excluded because physical therapy was not regularly staffed in the ED on these days each week. Of the total referrals, 34% of cases were spine related (cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacroiliac), 13% involved upper extremity, 27% involved lower extremity, 11% were related to gait training, 10% were wounds, and 2% were fall/balance. Twenty percent of the total patient volume was lumbar pain. Annual average patient volume per fiscal quarter was found to be 377.0 patients in quarter 1, 364.0 patients in quarter 2, 368.3 patients in quarter 3, and 340.0 patients in quarter 4.CONCLUSION: Referrals to physical therapy have shown a variety of musculoskeletal diagnoses. Lumbar and knee pain are most common diagnoses referred to the physical therapist. Therapeutic evaluation and intervention may be underutilized for fall/balance impairments presenting in the ED, as these are primary focus areas for the physical therapy profession. Observed weekly trends correlate with ED total volume in that, on average, the beginning of the week has higher patient volume than the end.CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Over the 3-year period, physical therapy has remained an integral part of the ED patient care model. Areas of future research should include patient perception of physical therapy in ED compared with MD, patient follow-up rates with outpatient services or specialty consult, and a cost-benefit analysis.OPO1113A Comparison of Clinical Outcomes Between Early Physical Therapy Intervention and Usual Care in Individuals Following Anterior Cervical FusionMcFarland C, Wang S, Roddey T, Medley ASchool of Physical Therapy, Texas Woman's University, Dallas, TXPURPOSE/HYPOTHESIS: Training cervical spine stabilizers (ie, deep cervical flexors [DCFs] and cervical multifidus) has been shown to be effective in reducing neck pain and restoring cervical spinal function in many types of cervical spine dysfunctions. However, this training has not been studied in patients undergoing cervical spine surgery. The purpose of this study was to compare clinical outcomes between an early physical therapy intervention including cervical spine stabilizer training and usual care in patients who had undergone anterior cervical fusion (ACF) surgery.NUMBER OF SUBJECTS: Thirty.MATERIALS/METHODS: This study was a double-blinded randomized clinical trial. Eligible participants were randomly assigned into the early physical therapy intervention or usual care group. The usual care group received instructions in proper posture, function mobility, and general spine care following surgery. The early physical therapy intervention included usual care plus instructions in a daily home exercise program of DCF training and postural strengthening. Both groups were instructed to follow a daily walking program. Four clinical outcomes were collected before the ACF surgery for baseline, and then at the 6-week postoperative visit: (1) pain level using the numeric pain rating scale (NPRS), (2) patient's perceived disability associated with neck pain using the Neck Disability Index (NDI), (3) DCF strength, and (4) DCF endurance. A 2-by-2 (group-by-time) MANOVA was performed to analyze the collected outcome data. In addition, at 6 weeks after surgery, the global rate of change (GROC) was collected to determine the patient's perception of overall improvement as a result of surgery. A Mann-Whitney U test was used to analyze the GROC scores. Test-retest reliability of the craniocervical flexion (CCF) test of DCFs was also determined in a subset of the participants (n = 8).RESULTS: There were no significant interactions for all 4 outcome measures. Both groups had significant improvements on all outcome measures after 6 weeks. There was no significant difference in the GROC scores between the groups. Concordance correlation coefficients (pC) showed excellent between-day reliability for the CCF strength test (pC = 0.82) and good reliability for the CCF endurance test (pC = 0.70).CONCLUSION: Our results indicated that early physical therapy intervention was not more beneficial than the usual care in patients 6 weeks following ACF surgery. However, regardless of group, all participants showed significant improvement from before ACF surgery to 6 weeks postsurgery. More frequent training or longer duration of intervention may be needed to see group differences.CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Although early physical therapy intervention with emphasis on spinal stabilization has been shown to benefit individuals undergoing lumbar spinal surgery, early physical therapy interventions did not have the same effects on patients following ACF at 6 weeks postsurgery. From a cost-effectiveness perspective, the current practice of usual care may be the best clinical practice in the first 6 weeks following cervical surgery.OPO1114Evaluation of the Change in Supraspinatus and Upper Trapezius Muscle Thickness in Response to Varying Upper Extremity Positions Using Real-Time Ultrasound ImagingGill CH, Mascetti HL, Bassey GN, Hicks JN, Palmer MC, Treuth MSPhysical Therapy, University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Princess Anne, MDPURPOSE/HYPOTHESIS: The supraspinatus (SS) is one of the most commonly injured muscles of the shoulder, as it is frequently subjected to large internal forces. Multiple studies with conflicting results have utilized EMG and MRI in an attempt to delineate which exercise most specifically targets the SS. The primary purpose of this study was 2-fold: (1) to quantify muscle thickness of the SS in healthy individuals utilizing real-time ultrasound imaging (RTUSI), and (2) to examine differences in muscle thickness for full can, empty can, and prone full can exercise positions to determine which position creates the greatest thickness change in the SS. A secondary purpose was to investigate these same aims with respect to upper trapezius (UT) as a means of discussing potential compensatory strategies during upper extremity elevation. It was hypothesized that the SS would demonstrate the greatest change in thickness in the prone full can position.NUMBER OF SUBJECTS: Fifty-four healthy male and female volunteers (mean age, 24 years).MATERIALS/METHODS: RTUSI was performed using the Biosound Esaote MyLab 25 Gold with a linear transducer, 7.5 to 12 MHz, placed long axis to the SS belly. Thicknesses of SS and UT were measured with RTUSI by the same investigator in 8 positions: standing rest (StRest), standing full can (StFC), standing empty can (StEC), prone rest (PrRest), and prone full can (PrFC), and each “can” position with added resistance (2% of body weight). Three trials were completed for each position and order of testing was randomized. Repeated-measures ANOVA (P<.05), followed by paired t tests with sequentially rejective modified Bonferroni tests, were used to assess the influence of each testing position, with and without resistance, on thickness of SS and UT. Percent thickness changes were calculated for each exercise position relative to the resting position.RESULTS: The SS thickness was significantly greater in StEC, StFCWt, and StECWt than in StRest, and thickness in StEC (2.51 cm) was significantly greater than in StFC (2.41 cm). The StEC percent thickness change from rest (8%) was significantly greater than the StFC percent thickness change from rest (3.5%). The SS thickness was significantly greater in PrRest than in PrFCWt. The UT thickness was significantly greater in StFC, StEC, StFCWt, and StECWt than in StRest, and thickness in StFCWt was significantly greater than in StFC. The UT thickness was significantly less in PrRest than in PrFC and PrFCWt.CONCLUSION: This study provides baseline thickness data using RTUSI of SS and UT for healthy individuals and successfully demonstrates that varying exercise position and use of resistance results in significant thickness changes in SS and UT. The thickness and percent change in SS thickness were significantly greater in the StEC than in the StFC.CLINICAL RELEVANCE: These results provide a unique contribution to the body of